Over the past year parliamentary diplomacy has become an issue that is front and center for Europe and specifically the Mediterranean region. European parliamentary bodies at the international, national, and local levels struggle with the trifecta of an ongoing refugee crisis, all-too-frequent terrorist incidents, and unshakable economic lethargy. Contributors examine the expanding roles and growing responsibilities for these bodies, all of which are increasingly called on to address issues that have traditionally been the preserve of the diplomatic organs of national governments.