The Making of Federal Coal Policy

Preface ix

Introduction 3

I. The Conservationist Foundations for Federal Coal Management

Introduction 11

1. Conservationism and the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 13

2. Congressional Intent and Opposite Results 23

3. The Strong Opposition to Western Coal Development 30

II. A Coal Program Based on a Planned Market

Introduction 43

4. The Rejection of Central Planning and the Free Market 45

5. A Planned Market Instead of a Free Market 57

6. A New Economic Conservationism to Protect the Environment 70

III. Judicial Insistence on a Conservationist Federal Coal Policy

Introduction 85

7. The Judiciary Debates Its Proper Role in Federal Coal Planning 87

8. The Interior Department Tries to Resume Leasing 97

9. The Judiciary Mandates Central Planning 107

IV. Conservationism Put to the Test

10. A Lesser Role for the Coal Industry 117

11. Central Planning in Operation in the United States 125

12. Setting Coal Leasing Targets 132

13. The Advance and Retreat of Land-Use Planning 152

V. Two Interpretations of Welfare-State Liberalism

14. Interest-Group Liberalism in Practice 167

15. The Rediscovery of the Planned Market 187

VI. A Socialist Experiment in America

Introduction 203

16. Lessons in Political Economy 205

17. The Future of Federal Coal 221

Epilogue 233

Notes 241

Index 257